Frequently Asked Questions
Quick Answer:
Talk to them, know them, don’t give them access to medications, and change their mindset about these drugs.
Talk To Them: “Parents really can be the greatest ‘anti-drug’,” (Brent McFadden, PharmD, RPh; Washington County Prevention Coalition member.)
Kids whose parents talk to them about drugs and alcohol are up to 50% less likely to abuse drugs. That means that simply speaking regularly to your kids about drugs and alcohol is the most important thing you can do to protect them. “Parents need to make time to talk to their kids about the dangers of drugs and alcohol, especially prescription drugs!” (Teresa Willie – Prevention Coordinator for Washington County, WCPC).
The more regularly these conversations take place, the better. They don’t need to be a scheduled meeting – when you are riding in your car and you hear an advertisement for a new drug, or when you are watching TV, or when you stop at the pharmacy to pick up some medication – these are excellent moments to discuss the dangers of these drugs with your children. Make sure they understand that these drugs can be very addictive, and they are very dangerous if not taken exactly as the doctor prescribed. You should help them understand that they should never take a drug that was not prescribed to them, and that they should only take it for the injury or illness that it was prescribed for. “It also becomes important for parents to set the example, and not take drugs unnecessarily or abuse them. Parents should only take medications prescribed specifically to them, and only for what they were prescribed for,” (Kelby Tyler, Student – Dixie State College; member of the Washington County Prevention Coalition).
With the prominence of these drugs, it is likely that your child will see them (if they haven’t already). Therefore, you may want to rehearse with them how they can decline these drugs if offered them at school or from friends or relatives. Teach them that it is ok to tell their friends that they don’t take any drugs unless a doctor gives them to them. Youth whose parents regularly set clear rules about substance abuse are much less likely to abuse substances.
Keep in mind, as Officer Spragg (Washington County Drug Task Force) states, “One of the most important parts of talking to your kids, is listening to your kids. Speak to them openly about drugs and alcohol, and don’t be overbearing with questions or judgment, which may cause them to lie or shut down.” They need to feel comfortable if you want them to open up.
Know Them: “Parents have to be close enough to their kids that when they talk about such serious things (as drugs) the kids will hear them,” (Brent McFadden, PharmD, RPh; WCPC). It is important to spend time with them… know them.
How do I know if they are misusing Rx drugs? It can be difficult to identify a person who is high on prescription drugs. If your kids come home drunk, or after having smoked, you will smell it on their clothes, their hair, their skin, and obviously their breath. If they are drunk you may notice slurred speech, slow motor function, and an obvious lack of inhibitions. Prescription drug abuse is much harder to identify. Kids can swallow a pill with a glass of water and continue on with their day, leaving behind no smell or other physical signs of intoxication. Depending on the drug taken their pupils may constrict, or they may dilate, and therefore it can be hard to determine if they are using these drugs or not. So it is very important to know your kids well. If they start changing friends or their behavior changes radically, this may be a sign of abuse. Typical patterns still exist, as with any drug (slurred speech, change in pupil size, fatigue, increased agitation, drowsiness, etc.), but it is important to know your kids and their behaviors well so that you can identify a change if it occurs. “Parents need to make themselves aware of why their child may be abusing. Typically any type of substance abuse—in the early stages—is a symptom of a deeper issue. A parents approach to that issue can make all the difference,” (Brent McFadden, PharmD, RPh; WCPC).
Don’t Give Them Access: You would never leave a syringe filled with heroin in your pantry where your kids could get it, you shouldn’t leave prescription drugs accessible either. Keep in mind that in reality, there is really no difference between many of the narcotics prescribed for pain, and heroin or other illicit narcotics. In fact, when ingested, many of these chemicals break down into the same compound. Don’t leave them where anyone can get them. Your prescription drugs should be locked up! If your children have been prescribed a narcotic, they should not be allowed to self-administer those. You should hand them out yourself, and keep a close eye on them to make sure your child is not taking extra. Over 50% of kids who abuse prescription drugs in the Southwest counties of Utah get them from their own home, or from a friend or family member. “This tells us that we could greatly reduce the accessibility (and therefore, the rate of abuse,) if we would just lock up all prescription drugs and many over the counter drugs, and throw away our extras,” (Teresa Willie – Washington County Prevention Coordinator, WCPC). LOCK UP YOUR MEDICATIONS!
Change Their Mindset: Our children are being raised in a society where drugs are a common part of everyday life. If we have a headache, we take a drug. If we are depressed, we take a drug. If we can’t sleep, we take a drug. If we are tired and don’t want to sleep, we take a drug. Why then, should we be surprised when our kids turn to a prescription drug to take away their stress, or their pain, or to feel better, and subsequently find themselves addicted? We constantly hear from kids that they don’t think there is anything wrong with these drugs because they are made and prescribed by doctors.
We need to help our kids see that these drugs are very dangerous, and should be treated with great care. Don’t share your prescription drugs with others, or you are reinforcing your child’s belief that if a pill is made by a doctor, it must be ok. For that same reason, you should never use a drug for any reason except that which it was prescribed for. Your children will see, and again, it reinforces that belief that these drugs are not dangerous. 35% of teenagers believe that prescription narcotics are not addictive. We must change this mindset. Our children must learn that these drugs are dangerous and should be treated with care.
Logan Reid, LPS – Director of Prevention & Education Services – Southwest Prevention
Detective Curtis Spragg – Washington County Drug Task Force; Member: Washington County Prevention Coalition
Brent McFadden, PharmD, RPh — Local Pharmacist
Kelby Tyler – Student: Dixie State College; Member: Washington County Prevention Coalition
Teresa Willie, LPS – Washington County Prevention Coordinator – Southwest Prevention
What do kids say? We surveyed high school and middle school kids in the five counties of Southern Utah, and asked them what they thought adults could do to decrease prescription drug abuse. Below are a few selections from the responses given:
Question: “What do you think adults could do to decrease prescription drug abuse in your community?”
“Set rules for the children. Tell them that they are dangerous.” — 15-year-old female
“If they don’t need the drugs, get rid of them” — 14-year-old male
“Hide them so people won’t steal them.” — 16-year-old female
“Lock it up in a cabinet where they would have to ask the mom or the father for it.” — 16-year-old female
“Be responsible; put the drugs where us kids can’t get them.” — 17-year-old male
“Keep them away from their kids. Hide them or lock them up. The kids I know get them from the parents or grandparents.” — 17-year-old female
Talk to them, know them, don’t give them access to medications, and change their mindset about these drugs.
Talk To Them: “Parents really can be the greatest ‘anti-drug’,” (Brent McFadden, PharmD, RPh; Washington County Prevention Coalition member.)
Kids whose parents talk to them about drugs and alcohol are up to 50% less likely to abuse drugs. That means that simply speaking regularly to your kids about drugs and alcohol is the most important thing you can do to protect them. “Parents need to make time to talk to their kids about the dangers of drugs and alcohol, especially prescription drugs!” (Teresa Willie – Prevention Coordinator for Washington County, WCPC).
The more regularly these conversations take place, the better. They don’t need to be a scheduled meeting – when you are riding in your car and you hear an advertisement for a new drug, or when you are watching TV, or when you stop at the pharmacy to pick up some medication – these are excellent moments to discuss the dangers of these drugs with your children. Make sure they understand that these drugs can be very addictive, and they are very dangerous if not taken exactly as the doctor prescribed. You should help them understand that they should never take a drug that was not prescribed to them, and that they should only take it for the injury or illness that it was prescribed for. “It also becomes important for parents to set the example, and not take drugs unnecessarily or abuse them. Parents should only take medications prescribed specifically to them, and only for what they were prescribed for,” (Kelby Tyler, Student – Dixie State College; member of the Washington County Prevention Coalition).
With the prominence of these drugs, it is likely that your child will see them (if they haven’t already). Therefore, you may want to rehearse with them how they can decline these drugs if offered them at school or from friends or relatives. Teach them that it is ok to tell their friends that they don’t take any drugs unless a doctor gives them to them. Youth whose parents regularly set clear rules about substance abuse are much less likely to abuse substances.
Keep in mind, as Officer Spragg (Washington County Drug Task Force) states, “One of the most important parts of talking to your kids, is listening to your kids. Speak to them openly about drugs and alcohol, and don’t be overbearing with questions or judgment, which may cause them to lie or shut down.” They need to feel comfortable if you want them to open up.
Know Them: “Parents have to be close enough to their kids that when they talk about such serious things (as drugs) the kids will hear them,” (Brent McFadden, PharmD, RPh; WCPC). It is important to spend time with them… know them.
How do I know if they are misusing Rx drugs? It can be difficult to identify a person who is high on prescription drugs. If your kids come home drunk, or after having smoked, you will smell it on their clothes, their hair, their skin, and obviously their breath. If they are drunk you may notice slurred speech, slow motor function, and an obvious lack of inhibitions. Prescription drug abuse is much harder to identify. Kids can swallow a pill with a glass of water and continue on with their day, leaving behind no smell or other physical signs of intoxication. Depending on the drug taken their pupils may constrict, or they may dilate, and therefore it can be hard to determine if they are using these drugs or not. So it is very important to know your kids well. If they start changing friends or their behavior changes radically, this may be a sign of abuse. Typical patterns still exist, as with any drug (slurred speech, change in pupil size, fatigue, increased agitation, drowsiness, etc.), but it is important to know your kids and their behaviors well so that you can identify a change if it occurs. “Parents need to make themselves aware of why their child may be abusing. Typically any type of substance abuse—in the early stages—is a symptom of a deeper issue. A parents approach to that issue can make all the difference,” (Brent McFadden, PharmD, RPh; WCPC).
Don’t Give Them Access: You would never leave a syringe filled with heroin in your pantry where your kids could get it, you shouldn’t leave prescription drugs accessible either. Keep in mind that in reality, there is really no difference between many of the narcotics prescribed for pain, and heroin or other illicit narcotics. In fact, when ingested, many of these chemicals break down into the same compound. Don’t leave them where anyone can get them. Your prescription drugs should be locked up! If your children have been prescribed a narcotic, they should not be allowed to self-administer those. You should hand them out yourself, and keep a close eye on them to make sure your child is not taking extra. Over 50% of kids who abuse prescription drugs in the Southwest counties of Utah get them from their own home, or from a friend or family member. “This tells us that we could greatly reduce the accessibility (and therefore, the rate of abuse,) if we would just lock up all prescription drugs and many over the counter drugs, and throw away our extras,” (Teresa Willie – Washington County Prevention Coordinator, WCPC). LOCK UP YOUR MEDICATIONS!
Change Their Mindset: Our children are being raised in a society where drugs are a common part of everyday life. If we have a headache, we take a drug. If we are depressed, we take a drug. If we can’t sleep, we take a drug. If we are tired and don’t want to sleep, we take a drug. Why then, should we be surprised when our kids turn to a prescription drug to take away their stress, or their pain, or to feel better, and subsequently find themselves addicted? We constantly hear from kids that they don’t think there is anything wrong with these drugs because they are made and prescribed by doctors.
We need to help our kids see that these drugs are very dangerous, and should be treated with great care. Don’t share your prescription drugs with others, or you are reinforcing your child’s belief that if a pill is made by a doctor, it must be ok. For that same reason, you should never use a drug for any reason except that which it was prescribed for. Your children will see, and again, it reinforces that belief that these drugs are not dangerous. 35% of teenagers believe that prescription narcotics are not addictive. We must change this mindset. Our children must learn that these drugs are dangerous and should be treated with care.
Logan Reid, LPS – Director of Prevention & Education Services – Southwest Prevention
Detective Curtis Spragg – Washington County Drug Task Force; Member: Washington County Prevention Coalition
Brent McFadden, PharmD, RPh — Local Pharmacist
Kelby Tyler – Student: Dixie State College; Member: Washington County Prevention Coalition
Teresa Willie, LPS – Washington County Prevention Coordinator – Southwest Prevention
What do kids say? We surveyed high school and middle school kids in the five counties of Southern Utah, and asked them what they thought adults could do to decrease prescription drug abuse. Below are a few selections from the responses given:
Question: “What do you think adults could do to decrease prescription drug abuse in your community?”
“Set rules for the children. Tell them that they are dangerous.” — 15-year-old female
“If they don’t need the drugs, get rid of them” — 14-year-old male
“Hide them so people won’t steal them.” — 16-year-old female
“Lock it up in a cabinet where they would have to ask the mom or the father for it.” — 16-year-old female
“Be responsible; put the drugs where us kids can’t get them.” — 17-year-old male
“Keep them away from their kids. Hide them or lock them up. The kids I know get them from the parents or grandparents.” — 17-year-old female
Yes.
Caffeine is the most widely used Central Nervous System stimulant in the world. It is both normalized and socially acceptable to consume caffeine, and some studies show that as many as 90% of adults consume more than 200 milligrams of caffeine per day. But what is the impact on young people? With energy drinks and highly caffeinated beverages being so popular and aggressively marketed to teens, it's a natural question to ask. The short answer, based on extensive medical and psychological research, is yes—frequent consumption of caffeine and energy drinks poses significant risks to a developing teenager's brain.
It's important to remember that the adolescent brain is in a highly sensitive stage of development. Here is what the latest peer-reviewed science tells us about how these drinks impact teens:
1. Interference with Brain Development: During the teenage years, the brain is undergoing critical structural changes, including "synaptic pruning" (optimizing brain connections) and "myelination" (insulating nerves for faster processing). Studies show (Cadoni & Peana 2023; Curran & Marczinski 2017; O'Neill et al 2016) that the high levels of caffeine and taurine found in energy drinks can actually interfere with these normal developmental processes, potentially compromising the formation of healthy neuronal networks. Furthermore, chronic early-life caffeine exposure has been shown to permanently alter the brain's stress response system, leading to heightened, long-term anxiety.
2. Cognitive and Academic Declines: We often think of caffeine as a "focus booster," but for teens, high and frequent doses can actually do the opposite. Regular caffeine intake in youth, (even in low doses), is negatively correlated with vocabulary comprehension, working memory, processing speed, and cognitive flexibility, (Zhang et al. 2020; Van Batenburg-Eddes et al. 2014, Heatherley 2006). Additionally, teens who regularly consume energy drinks show direct impairments in their executive functioning, meaning they have more difficulty with self-regulation, impulse control, and daily focus. Unsurprisingly, this also translates to academic risk, including lower grades and severe school disengagement, (Matondo et al. 2026; Khouja et al. 2022; Leal et al. 2022; Marinoni et al. 2022; Al-Shaar et al. 2017).
3. Mental Health and Sleep Disruption: Energy drinks can take a severe toll on adolescent mental health. Regular consumption is heavily linked to severe sleep fragmentation and insomnia, and studies even show that college students who have only 1 energy drink a month had disrupted and unhealthy sleep patterns, (Kaldenbach et al. 2025). Because sleep is foundational to emotional regulation, this sleep loss compounds other psychiatric risks. Studies show that high-caffeine drink consumption is significantly associated with higher levels of generalized anxiety. Furthermore, daily energy drink users face a much higher risk for severe depressive symptoms and increased irritability and anger, (Cho et al. 2024; Kaldenbach et al. 2025; Soos et al. 2021).
4. The "Gateway" to Risky Behaviors: One of the most concerning findings is how these drinks affect the brain's reward center. The massive doses of caffeine and sugar in energy drinks trigger dopamine releases in a way that mimics other drugs of abuse. Research shows that this can "prime" the adolescent brain, making heavy energy drink consumers significantly more likely to initiate alcohol use, start vaping or smoking, and intend to use marijuana. It can also shift their attitudes, making them less likely to perceive the dangers of illegal drugs, (Nabulsi & Ahmead 2025; Kristjansson et al. 2023 & 2023; Marinoni et al. 2022; Benkert & Abel 2020; Brunborg et al. 2022; Leal & Jackson 2019; Evren & Evren 2015).
The Bottom Line: An occasional standard soda might not derail a teenager's development, but caffeine even in small doses is harmful to the developing brain. Energy drinks and high-caffeine beverages deliver massive, unregulated doses of stimulants that a maturing brain is simply not equipped to handle. Setting firm boundaries around these beverages is a highly protective and scientifically backed parenting decision.
Caffeine is the most widely used Central Nervous System stimulant in the world. It is both normalized and socially acceptable to consume caffeine, and some studies show that as many as 90% of adults consume more than 200 milligrams of caffeine per day. But what is the impact on young people? With energy drinks and highly caffeinated beverages being so popular and aggressively marketed to teens, it's a natural question to ask. The short answer, based on extensive medical and psychological research, is yes—frequent consumption of caffeine and energy drinks poses significant risks to a developing teenager's brain.
It's important to remember that the adolescent brain is in a highly sensitive stage of development. Here is what the latest peer-reviewed science tells us about how these drinks impact teens:
1. Interference with Brain Development: During the teenage years, the brain is undergoing critical structural changes, including "synaptic pruning" (optimizing brain connections) and "myelination" (insulating nerves for faster processing). Studies show (Cadoni & Peana 2023; Curran & Marczinski 2017; O'Neill et al 2016) that the high levels of caffeine and taurine found in energy drinks can actually interfere with these normal developmental processes, potentially compromising the formation of healthy neuronal networks. Furthermore, chronic early-life caffeine exposure has been shown to permanently alter the brain's stress response system, leading to heightened, long-term anxiety.
2. Cognitive and Academic Declines: We often think of caffeine as a "focus booster," but for teens, high and frequent doses can actually do the opposite. Regular caffeine intake in youth, (even in low doses), is negatively correlated with vocabulary comprehension, working memory, processing speed, and cognitive flexibility, (Zhang et al. 2020; Van Batenburg-Eddes et al. 2014, Heatherley 2006). Additionally, teens who regularly consume energy drinks show direct impairments in their executive functioning, meaning they have more difficulty with self-regulation, impulse control, and daily focus. Unsurprisingly, this also translates to academic risk, including lower grades and severe school disengagement, (Matondo et al. 2026; Khouja et al. 2022; Leal et al. 2022; Marinoni et al. 2022; Al-Shaar et al. 2017).
3. Mental Health and Sleep Disruption: Energy drinks can take a severe toll on adolescent mental health. Regular consumption is heavily linked to severe sleep fragmentation and insomnia, and studies even show that college students who have only 1 energy drink a month had disrupted and unhealthy sleep patterns, (Kaldenbach et al. 2025). Because sleep is foundational to emotional regulation, this sleep loss compounds other psychiatric risks. Studies show that high-caffeine drink consumption is significantly associated with higher levels of generalized anxiety. Furthermore, daily energy drink users face a much higher risk for severe depressive symptoms and increased irritability and anger, (Cho et al. 2024; Kaldenbach et al. 2025; Soos et al. 2021).
4. The "Gateway" to Risky Behaviors: One of the most concerning findings is how these drinks affect the brain's reward center. The massive doses of caffeine and sugar in energy drinks trigger dopamine releases in a way that mimics other drugs of abuse. Research shows that this can "prime" the adolescent brain, making heavy energy drink consumers significantly more likely to initiate alcohol use, start vaping or smoking, and intend to use marijuana. It can also shift their attitudes, making them less likely to perceive the dangers of illegal drugs, (Nabulsi & Ahmead 2025; Kristjansson et al. 2023 & 2023; Marinoni et al. 2022; Benkert & Abel 2020; Brunborg et al. 2022; Leal & Jackson 2019; Evren & Evren 2015).
The Bottom Line: An occasional standard soda might not derail a teenager's development, but caffeine even in small doses is harmful to the developing brain. Energy drinks and high-caffeine beverages deliver massive, unregulated doses of stimulants that a maturing brain is simply not equipped to handle. Setting firm boundaries around these beverages is a highly protective and scientifically backed parenting decision.
Citations:
- Matondo, J. D., Suleiman, R., & Issa-Zacharia, A. (2026). A narrative review of energy drinks: from real-time energy boost to long-term health decline. Cogent Food & Agriculture, 12(1), 2631199.
- Nabulsi, M., & Ahmead, M. (2025). Association between energy drink consumption, and substance use among adolescents: a cross sectional study. Frontiers in Nutrition, 12, 1709218.
- Kaldenbach, S., Leonhardt, M., Strand, T. A., & Holten-Andersen, M. (2025). Mental health and energy drink consumption among adolescents; a cross-sectional study. BMC Public Health, 25, 2158.
- Cho, J. A., Kim, S., Shin, H., Kim, H., & Park, E.-C. (2024). The Association between High-Caffeine Drink Consumption and Anxiety in Adolescents. Nutrients, 16(6), 794.
- Cadoni, C., & Peana, A. T. (2023). Energy drinks at adolescence: Awareness or unawareness? Frontiers in Behavioral Neuroscience, 17.
- Curran, C. P., & Marczinski, C. A. (2017). Taurine, caffeine, and energy drinks: Reviewing the risks to the adolescent brain. Birth Defects Research, 109(20), 1640–1648.
- O’Neill, C. E., Newsom, R. J., Stafford, J., et al. (2016). Adolescent caffeine consumption increases adulthood anxiety-related behavior and modifies neuroendocrine signaling. Psychoneuroendocrinology, 67, 40–50.
- Van Batenburg-Eddes, T., Lee, N. C., Weeda, W. D., Krabbendam, L., & Huizinga, M. (2014). The potential adverse effect of energy drinks on executive functions in early adolescence. Frontiers in Psychology, 5, 457.
- Zhang, H., Lee, Z. X., & Qiu, A. (2020). Caffeine intake and cognitive functions in children. Psychopharmacology, 237(10), 3109–3116.
- Soós, R., Gyebrovszki, Á., Tóth, Á., Jeges, S., & Wilhelm, M. (2021). Effects of Caffeine and Caffeinated Beverages in Children, Adolescents and Young Adults: Short Review. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 18(23), 12389.
- Benkert, R., & Abel, T. (2020). Heavy energy drink consumption is associated with risky substance use in young Swiss men. Swiss Medical Weekly, 150, w20243.
- Brunborg, G. S., Raninen, J., & Andreas, J. B. (2022). Energy drinks and alcohol use among adolescents: A longitudinal study. Drug and Alcohol Dependence, 241, 109666.
- Evren, C., & Evren, B. (2015). Energy-drink consumption and its relationship with substance use and sensation seeking among 10th grade students in Istanbul. Asian Journal of Psychiatry, 15, 44–50.
- Kristjansson, A. L., Mann, M. J., Smith, M. L., Kogan, S. M., Lilly, C. L., & James, J. E. (2022). Caffeine consumption and onset of alcohol use among early adolescents. Preventive Medicine, 163, 107208.
- Kristjansson, A. L., Kogan, S. M., Mann, M. J., Smith, M. L., Lilly, C. L., & James, J. E. (2023). Possible role of caffeine in nicotine use onset among early adolescents: Evidence from the Young Mountaineer Health Study Cohort. PLOS One, 18(5), e0285682.
- Leal, W. E., & Jackson, D. B. (2019). The role of energy drink consumption in the intention to initiate marijuana use among adolescents. Addictive Behaviors, 93, 240-245.
- Marinoni, M., Parpinel, M., Gasparini, A., Ferraroni, M., & Edefonti, V. (2022). Risky behaviors, substance use, and other lifestyle correlates of energy drink consumption in children and adolescents: a systematic review. European Journal of Pediatrics, 181, 1307-1319.
- Al-Shaar, L., Vercammen, K., Lu, C., Richardson, S., Tamez, M., & Mattei, J. (2017). Health Effects and Public Health Concerns of Energy Drink Consumption in the United States: A Mini-Review. Frontiers in Public Health, 5, 225.
- Jackson, D. B., & Leal, W. E. (2018). Energy drink consumption and the perceived risk and disapproval of drugs: Monitoring the Future, 2010–2016. Drug and Alcohol Dependence, 188, 24–31.
- Khouja, C., Kneale, D., Brunton, G., et al. (2022). Consumption and effects of caffeinated energy drinks in young people: an overview of systematic reviews and secondary analysis of UK data to inform policy. BMJ Open, 12(2), e047746.
- Leal, W. E., Jackson, D. B., & Boccio, C. M. (2022). Adolescent Energy Drink Consumption and Academic Risk: Results From the Monitoring the Future Study, 2010–2016. Health Education & Behavior, 49(2), 281–290.
- Marinoni, M., Parpinel, M., Gasparini, A., Ferraroni, M., & Edefonti, V. (2022). Psychological and socio-educational correlates of energy drink consumption in children and adolescents: a systematic review. European Journal of Pediatrics, 181(3), 889–901.
- Narine, C., Weller, J., & Mathieson, K. (2021). Energy Drink Use in Adolescents With and Without ADHD: Trends and Influences. Innovations in Clinical Neuroscience, 18(4-6), 28–32.
- Visram, S., Cheetham, M., Riby, D. M., Crossley, S. J., & Lake, A. A. (2016). Consumption of energy drinks by children and young people: a rapid review examining evidence of physical effects and consumer attitudes. BMJ Open, 6(10), e010380.
- Heatherley SV, Hancock KM, Rogers PJ (2006). Psychostimulant and other effects of caffeine in 9- to 11-year-old children. J Child Psychol Psychiatry. Feb;47(2):135-42.
Quick Answer: Probably not… although, there is not a lot of research on long term effects of the substance. Regardless, most of the professionals we asked agreed that it may not be a good practice, and likely ignores the real issue that is preventing your children from sleeping without supplemental aid. And perhaps more importantly, this practice could have negative, long-range impacts on your children. Certainly it should not be used without oversight and consultation from a physician. This practice does seem to be trending, but it could be both dangerous and negative for your family.
What is Melatonin? Melatonin is a hormone that is primarily secreted by the pineal gland in the brain. It helps to regulate other hormones in the body, and it maintains the body’s circadian rhythm, which is an internal 24-hour clock. So when it gets dark, your body produces more melatonin, causing you to feel sleepy. When it’s light outside, the production of melatonin decreases, (Peuhkuri et al. 2012). Melatonin also helps control the timing and release of female reproductive hormones, helping to determine when a woman starts/stops to menstruate; and some researchers also believe that melatonin levels may be related to aging, (Ehrlich 2011). Melatonin has also been shown to effect roles in seasonal adaptation (Arendt 1998) and pubertal development (Waldhauser et al 1991).
Melatonin is most commonly sold as a dietary supplement to be taken in pill form for aid in sleeping; (it can also be purchased in capsules, cream and lozenges that dissolve under the tongue).
Is it safe to use with kids? Is it safe to use long-term? Research on long term use of melatonin for youth is rare, if it exists at all. Many scientists have stated that it is physiologically safe to use with older children, but a detailed review found no research that had studied this impact for more than five years, and most researchers agree that more data is needed to adequately assess this question. “There is limited study of melatonin supplements in children, and safety has not been established. Therefore, generally, the substance shouldn’t be used chronically, (Dan Riding, PharmD – Pharmacist: Washington County).”
Certainly, researchers and doctors agree that melatonin should only be used under the direction of a medical doctor and/or psychiatrist. Even then researchers Braam et al. (2010) caution doctors against prescribing melatonin if they cannot perform melatonin clearance tests on their patients: “…clinicians who treat patients with melatonin should be aware of the possibility of slow melatonin metabolisation. When it is not possible to perform a melatonin clearance test, it is strongly advised to lower the melatonin dose instead of increasing the melatonin dose,” or stopping use altogether. Dr. Ryan Williams, MD (who is board-certified in both pediatrics and psychiatry,) always recommends consulting a doctor before use, and cautions against use of the substance with young children.
"With preschool-aged children I prefer not to use melatonin or other sleep aids except in extreme cases. Even with older children I am much more cautious [using melatonin] and generally recommend it to be used under consultation with a physician. Melatonin may be listed as a supplement and is easily obtained over-the-counter, but it should be considered a medication. It acts as a hormone replacement/supplement. While it is a natural substance, I do not believe there is sufficient research to warrant mass use in pediatric populations, especially preschool populations."
Should I give Melatonin to my kids to help them sleep? There are some obvious negative impacts of providing these pills to children as a sleep aid. More importantly, it’s likely that parents are using these pills as a band-aid fix to a problem, rather than addressing the real issue.
We encourage parents to ask themselves: “Why am I giving this drug to my child?” If the answer is: “Because he/she is not sleeping,” the next, more important question is: “Why is my child having trouble sleeping?”
“If a child isn’t sleeping at night then there is probably an underlying reason that should be addressed, like a medical condition, poor bedtime routine, diet, etc.," (Dan Riding, PharmD).
“Sleep is a normal process of life and should not require the use of medication except in exceptional cases. Those with true sleep disorders, (such as sleep apnea,) need to consult a physician for appropriate treatment. Those with mood or anxiety problems as a source of their sleep issues would be best advised to consult a psychiatrist. Most other situations should respond to appropriate sleep hygiene, including firm bedtimes… especially in the pediatric population,” (Dr. Ryan Williams, MD).
Modern life has introduced many social and environmental factors into the lives of our children that can impact their sleep cycles quite dramatically. Things like: watching too much television or too much time playing video games, or doing either of those right before bedtime, can hinder the body’s natural production of melatonin and make sleep difficult for children. High amounts of sugar and even small doses of caffeine affect children much more drastically than adults, and can make it difficult for them to go to sleep.
See “Things To Consider” below for more details on how to improve sleep hygiene for youth.
Finally, consider the social and learning impacts of having our children take a pill every night in order to help them go to sleep. “I’m concerned about what our children are learning when we give them a pill in order to induce sleep more readily. They are learning that a pill will take care of what ails them, rather than the more appropriate lessons taught when we provide good sleep hygiene, (like meditation, schedules, and eliminating sugars, electronics and other stimulants before bedtime,)” (Ben Harris – Vice President, Therapia Addiction Healing Center).
“We live in a world where we increasingly search for the quick-fix. We rely far too heavily on medications to fix our problems and provide ease in our lives. As a result, we are facing, for the first time ever, a generation of youth who don’t distinguish between taking a Tylenol for their headache, and abusing prescription narcotics to relieve pressure from their lives. I am concerned to hear that parents are amateur-diagnosing children with sleep disorders, (which are rare among pediatric populations,) and administering a medication/supplement as a solution to the so-called problem. I fear that we are contributing to this socialized norm that suggests to our kids that medications are the answer. It’s almost as if we are falling prey to the same misguided practice that many of our grandparents engaged in when they administered Paregoric, a potent narcotic containing powdered opium, alcohol and morphine, to calm their children. Obviously, a strong narcotic like Paregoric is not the same as a neurohormone like Melatonin, but the principle is. We need to be quicker to explore more positive ways to address issues our children are facing, including sleep behaviors,” (Logan Reid – Licensed Prevention Specialist, Southwest Behavioral Health Center).
Things to Consider – Effective Strategies to Improve Child Sleep Patterns:“Children’s brains naturally produce significant amounts of melatonin. If they are having difficulty sleeping, parents should address the underlying contributors. There are so many things we can do as parents to promote healthy sleep hygiene and facilitate appropriate sleep patterns for our kids. Addressing these factors is the key to any long-term strategy to help them be healthy and achieve satisfying sleep experiences,” (Teresa Willie – Licensed Prevention Specialist, Southwest Behavioral Health Center.)
- Create a bedtime routine that includes at least 15-30 minutes of calm, soothing activities. It might be a good idea to reduce the lights and exposure to other stimulating influences, (for example, turning the overhead bedroom lights off and reading by use of a lamp.)
- Discourage television, exercise, computer and telephone use before bedtime. Nearly 50% of American children have televisions in their bedrooms. Many sleep experts advise keeping computers and TV’s out of children’s bedrooms, and turn them off for a significant period before bedtime. In addition to the stimulating effects of these electronics on our brain, the close exposure to bright lights inhibits the bodies natural production of melatonin.
- Avoid beverages and foods containing caffeine. Does your child have a problem sleeping? Do they also drink soda’s containing caffeine and/or high amounts of sugar? There is an obvious correlation here. In addition to the fact that caffeine is a stimulant, it is also shown to reduce the bodies output of melatonin, (Peuhkuri 2012).
Contributors:
- Dan Riding, PharmD – Veterans Affairs Pharmacy – Member: Washington County Prevention Coalition. - Dr. Ryan Williams, MD – board-certified pediatrician and psychiatrist – Southwest Behavioral Health Center & Turning Point Family Care. - Teresa Willie, LPS – Licensed Prevention Specialist, Southwest Behavioral Health Center. - Ben Harris – Vice President, Therapia Addiction Healing Center. - Melissa Veater, LPS – Licensed Prevention Specialist, Southwest Behavioral Health Center. - Logan Reid, LPS – Licensed Prevention Specialist, Southwest Behavioral Health Center.
References/Sources:J. Jarratt (2011). Perioperative Melatonin Use. Anaesthesia Intensive Care Volume 39: 171-181. Department of Anaesthesia, Christchurch Hospital, New Zealand.
S. D. Ehrlich (2011). Melatonin. University of Maryland Medical Center (UMMC)
Arendt J. (1998). Melatonin and the pineal gland: influence on mammalian season and circadian pshyciology. Revies of Reproduction 1998; 3:13-22.
Waldhauser F, Boepple PA, Schemper M, Mansfield MJ, Crowley WF. Serum Melatnonin in central precocious puberty is lower than in age-matched prepubertal children. Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism 1991; 73:793-796.
W. Braam, I. Van Geijlswijk, H. Keijzer, M.G. Smits, R. Didden, L.M.G. Curfs (2010). Loss of response to melatonin treatment is associated with slow melatonin metabolism. Journal of Intellectual Disability Research. Volume 54 Part 6. p. 547-555.
K. Peuhkuri, N Sihvola, R. Korpela (2012). Dietary Factors and Fluctuating Levels of Melatonin. Food & Nutrition Research, Volume 56
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Yes. The research is very clear on this.
BAC History: Alcohol regulation in the United States is as old as the United States… actually, older. Way back in the 1600’s the colonies started enacting regulations to control the problems that were occurring with alcohol consumption, (we have a great presentation on the history of regulation if you’re interested). New York was the first state (back in 1907) to enact laws that specifically criminalized driving an automobile while intoxicated, (NJ Criminal Law Handbook, 2016). The first generalized legal intoxication level was established in 1982, when congress encouraged states to enact a .10 Blood Alcohol Content/Concentration (BAC) at the state level. States were offered extra grant incentives if they went lower, to the .08 BAC level. Utah was one of the first to pass a .08 per se law, in 1983. In 2000, President Clinton passed the HR4475 Appropriations Act that penalized any state that didn’t have a .08 BAC policy by cutting their highway safety money by 2% each year the policy wasn’t passed. In 2013, the National Transportation Safety Board (NTSB) recommended that all states should reduce their legal BAC to 0.05% or lower. In truth, the United States is behind the times. More than 100 countries have set drunken-driving levels at 0.05% or lower, including all of Australia, France and Germany and all of Canada (except Quebec). Japan’s legal limit is .03% BAC and Sweden’s is 0.02%. |
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Does it Prevent Problems?
The real question is whether or not lowering the legal BAC will reduce problems and save lives. The research makes it very clear that it has, it does and it will continue to do so, and it’s important that we allow this research to inform our policies, rather than basing them off of culture and politics. After implementing the .08% limit, drunk driving accidents and fatalities decreased dramatically in the US, but have now plateaued, and in some states increased for the first time in 2005, (that year, 10,233 lives were lost in the US due to drunk driving, and there were 173,000 injuries that cost our country roughly $130 billion). In 2011, researchers from the University of California, San Diego, published a study examining 1.5 million fatal crashes that occurred over a 15-year period. They found that no amount of drinking is safe if you are driving, and that the more a driver drinks, the more severe an accident is likely to be. The researchers demonstrated that even drivers with a BAC of .01% are involved in more severe accidents than sober drivers because they drive faster, are more likely to be improperly seat-belted and are more likely to be the striking vehicle… not to mention the other impairments on brain function and reaction time that exist at the .01% level. The researchers concluded that, “The severity of life-threatening motor vehicle accidents increases significantly at blood alcohol concentrations (BACs) far |
lower than the current US limit of 0.08%. Lowering the legal limit could save lives, prevent serious injuries and reduce financial and social costs associated with motor vehicle accidents,” (See the full study here).
There is a lot of other research on this topic. Here are two other examples:
It’s quite simple: reducing the acceptable amount of intoxication reduces risks and saves lives. Additionally, it helps us send a more clear and consistent message to citizens, (especially our youth) that alcohol causes impairment, and should be treated with care. I think Dr. David Phillips, lead researcher on the study from University of California, said it best:
“The U.S. is among the most permissible of the industrialized nations when it comes to how much drinking can be mixed with driving. We hope that our study might influence not only U.S. legislators, but also foreign legislators, in providing empirical evidence for lowering the legal limit even more. Doing so is very likely to reduce incapacitating injuries and to save lives.”
For more information on the proposal to decrease the legal BAC in Utah, visit Representative Thurston's site.
There is a lot of other research on this topic. Here are two other examples:
- In 2007, researchers at the University of Florida published a study of a 26-year review they did of 28 US States. Their project was to examine the effects of changes in legal BAC limit. Their results: "results from the pooled analyses were clear and consistent. Changes in legal BAC limits significantly affected alcohol-related fatal crash involvement for both the SVN and BAC test result measures, and the laws affected drivers at all drinking levels. Summary: An estimated 360 deaths are prevented each year in the United States as a result of the move from a 0.10 to 0.08 legal limit in recent years, and an additional 538 lives could be saved each year if the United States reduced the limit to 0.05, consistent with limits in most countries worldwide. Impact on Industry: Given the significant effects of lower legal BAC limits on fatal crash involvement, businesses should support implementation of laws that further reduce the legal BAC limit for all drivers. Furthermore, all companies should set higher standards for employees, such as a zero allowable BAC limit for driving during work time." (WAGENAAR, AC; et al. Effects of Legal BAC Limits on Fatal Crash Involvement: Analyses of 28 States from 1976 through 2002. Journal of Safety Research. 38, 5, 493-499, Dec. 2007)
- A more recent study published in 2015, by researchers at the University of Montreal, did a 23-year-review of the effect of administrative BAC laws on fatal alcohol related crashes and law enforcement patterns in Canada. Every province in Canada (except Quebec) have introduced administrative laws to lower the legal BAC to .05 or .04. These researchers examined the impact these laws have had in Canada. This is what they found: "Results reveal a significant decrease of 3.7% (95% C.I.: 0.9–6.5%) in fatally injured drivers with a BAC level equal or greater than .05% following the introduction of these laws." (BLAIS, É; et al. Effects of introducing an administrative .05% blood alcohol concentration limit on law enforcement patterns and alcohol-related collisions in Canada. Accident Analysis & Prevention. 82, 101-111, Sept. 2015.)
It’s quite simple: reducing the acceptable amount of intoxication reduces risks and saves lives. Additionally, it helps us send a more clear and consistent message to citizens, (especially our youth) that alcohol causes impairment, and should be treated with care. I think Dr. David Phillips, lead researcher on the study from University of California, said it best:
“The U.S. is among the most permissible of the industrialized nations when it comes to how much drinking can be mixed with driving. We hope that our study might influence not only U.S. legislators, but also foreign legislators, in providing empirical evidence for lowering the legal limit even more. Doing so is very likely to reduce incapacitating injuries and to save lives.”
For more information on the proposal to decrease the legal BAC in Utah, visit Representative Thurston's site.
Is mixing drugs dangerous?
Yes. It increases likelihood of overdose, accidents, and physiological problems like kidney failure, liver damage, and internal bleeding.
Mixing drugs—clinically known as polysubstance use—is profoundly dangerous because it triggers unpredictable, synergistic chemical reactions in the body. When you combine substances, their effects rarely just add together; instead, they compound, easily overwhelming the central nervous system and vital organs. This is why you should always inform medical providers of medications you are taking, and never combine drugs unless directed by a physician.
Here is why mixing substances carries such high clinical risk:
Metabolic Interference and ToxicityYour liver processes most drugs and alcohol using the same primary metabolic pathways (specifically the cytochrome P450 enzyme system). When multiple substances are introduced simultaneously, in increases enzyme competition and organ damage:
Key insight: Nearly half of all fatal drug overdoses involve multiple substances. Because individual metabolisms and drug potencies vary so widely, there is no reliable way to predict how a specific combination of drugs will affect the body on any given day.
Some great resources to learn more about this topic are linked below:
Mixing drugs—clinically known as polysubstance use—is profoundly dangerous because it triggers unpredictable, synergistic chemical reactions in the body. When you combine substances, their effects rarely just add together; instead, they compound, easily overwhelming the central nervous system and vital organs. This is why you should always inform medical providers of medications you are taking, and never combine drugs unless directed by a physician.
Here is why mixing substances carries such high clinical risk:
Metabolic Interference and ToxicityYour liver processes most drugs and alcohol using the same primary metabolic pathways (specifically the cytochrome P450 enzyme system). When multiple substances are introduced simultaneously, in increases enzyme competition and organ damage:
- Enzyme Competition: Alcohol and medications compete for the same metabolic enzymes. This slows down the metabolism of the drugs, allowing them to build up to toxic levels in the bloodstream.
- Organ Damage: The NIAAA notes that mixing alcohol with everyday prescription or over-the-counter medications can render the drugs toxic or entirely ineffective. This directly increases the risk of acute liver damage, gastrointestinal bleeding, and cardiovascular emergencies.
- Stimulants + Depressants: Mixing "uppers" (like cocaine or methamphetamines) with "downers" (like alcohol or opioids) does not cancel the drugs out. Instead, they mask each other's effects. This dulls the body's warning signs of toxicity, frequently leading individuals to consume fatal doses because they don't "feel" as intoxicated as they actually are.
- Depressants + Depressants: Mixing central nervous system (CNS) depressants—such as alcohol, opioids, and benzodiazepines—is particularly lethal. These substances independently slow brain activity and breathing. Combined, they drastically increase the risk of coma and fatal respiratory failure.
Key insight: Nearly half of all fatal drug overdoses involve multiple substances. Because individual metabolisms and drug potencies vary so widely, there is no reliable way to predict how a specific combination of drugs will affect the body on any given day.
Some great resources to learn more about this topic are linked below:
What is Spice?
As a parent should I be concerned about it? And is it being used and sold here in Southern Utah?
“Be concerned. Be very concerned,” (Curtis Spragg, Washington County Drug Task Force Agent and Vice Chair of the Washington County Prevention Coalition).
Spice is a synthetic version of the chemical THC, the main psychoactive constituent of marijuana. As a parent or community member you SHOULD always be concerned about dangerous synthetic chemicals like this, because they are often sold and used here in Southern Utah. HOWEVER, Spice is not as common today as it was back in 2010, when use and sale rates peaked in Utah. Back then, Task Force agents had identified at least 6 locations in Southern Utah that were selling the substance, and youth social workers were reporting that some kids were making and selling it themselves.
In 2010, Southwest Center Prevention Specialists interviewed one youth who had been selling the substance to friends. He reported that the drug was very popular at that time, and that many of the kids he knew had switched from smoking marijuana to using Spice.
While many cities and counties in the nation and Utah have banned Spice, many manufacturers and distributors often alter the chemical just slightly to get around bans.
The drug is a synthetic chemical that is sprayed onto vegetable or plant matter and then smoked. Users report a high/intoxicating effect similar to marijuana, but in some ways more intense, and with more immediate side effects. ER visits as a result of the use of this drug spiked quite severely in Southern Utah back when use rates were high, and reports to social workers, juvenile courts and police were common in 2010. One St. George youth therapist at that time said, “Kids are using this drug a lot. All the kids I work with know about it, so parents and community members need to know about it. They need to know that it is here in our communities, and they need to know that the side effects we DO know about are dangerous… things like severe stomach pains, vomiting and diarrhea, and migraine-like headaches. And since this is a new drug, the scariest part is the side-effects we DON’T yet know about. Users should be concerned about the long term effects of using this drug.” (Angela Braaten, Licensed Social Worker and member of the Washington County Prevention Coalition).
Local users report that the drug is very addictive and that the side effects are quite severe. One youth admitted to vomiting blood on two separate occasions after having used the substance for about five months. They also report paranoia and extreme anxiety, as well as disturbed and scary nightmares, trouble breathing, and loss of memory.
For more information on this drug, please view our Spice Information Page. If you have questions, please feel free to contact Southwest Prevention.
Help us share the word about this drug. Invite your friends to read this article, share our factsheet with them, and “like” Southwest Prevention on facebook to get regular updates and information about local trends.
“Be concerned. Be very concerned,” (Curtis Spragg, Washington County Drug Task Force Agent and Vice Chair of the Washington County Prevention Coalition).
Spice is a synthetic version of the chemical THC, the main psychoactive constituent of marijuana. As a parent or community member you SHOULD always be concerned about dangerous synthetic chemicals like this, because they are often sold and used here in Southern Utah. HOWEVER, Spice is not as common today as it was back in 2010, when use and sale rates peaked in Utah. Back then, Task Force agents had identified at least 6 locations in Southern Utah that were selling the substance, and youth social workers were reporting that some kids were making and selling it themselves.
In 2010, Southwest Center Prevention Specialists interviewed one youth who had been selling the substance to friends. He reported that the drug was very popular at that time, and that many of the kids he knew had switched from smoking marijuana to using Spice.
While many cities and counties in the nation and Utah have banned Spice, many manufacturers and distributors often alter the chemical just slightly to get around bans.
The drug is a synthetic chemical that is sprayed onto vegetable or plant matter and then smoked. Users report a high/intoxicating effect similar to marijuana, but in some ways more intense, and with more immediate side effects. ER visits as a result of the use of this drug spiked quite severely in Southern Utah back when use rates were high, and reports to social workers, juvenile courts and police were common in 2010. One St. George youth therapist at that time said, “Kids are using this drug a lot. All the kids I work with know about it, so parents and community members need to know about it. They need to know that it is here in our communities, and they need to know that the side effects we DO know about are dangerous… things like severe stomach pains, vomiting and diarrhea, and migraine-like headaches. And since this is a new drug, the scariest part is the side-effects we DON’T yet know about. Users should be concerned about the long term effects of using this drug.” (Angela Braaten, Licensed Social Worker and member of the Washington County Prevention Coalition).
Local users report that the drug is very addictive and that the side effects are quite severe. One youth admitted to vomiting blood on two separate occasions after having used the substance for about five months. They also report paranoia and extreme anxiety, as well as disturbed and scary nightmares, trouble breathing, and loss of memory.
For more information on this drug, please view our Spice Information Page. If you have questions, please feel free to contact Southwest Prevention.
Help us share the word about this drug. Invite your friends to read this article, share our factsheet with them, and “like” Southwest Prevention on facebook to get regular updates and information about local trends.
What is the connection between mental health and drug use?
It's a great question, and one that many parents are concerned about. In short, they are risk factors for each other, and very often connected.
Data from the Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration (SAMHSA), and from our own experience working with youth here at the Behavioral Health Center, consistently shows that a significant percentage of adolescents experience mental health struggles and substance use issues simultaneously. We know that suffering from a mental illness increases the likelihood that youth will use drugs, and we know that using drugs increases the likelihood that youth will develop a mental illness.
Let’s break down what the academic research tells us about why this happens and what it means for a child's developing mind.
Data from the Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration (SAMHSA), and from our own experience working with youth here at the Behavioral Health Center, consistently shows that a significant percentage of adolescents experience mental health struggles and substance use issues simultaneously. We know that suffering from a mental illness increases the likelihood that youth will use drugs, and we know that using drugs increases the likelihood that youth will develop a mental illness.
Let’s break down what the academic research tells us about why this happens and what it means for a child's developing mind.
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Co-Occurring Disorder:
In the medical and psychiatric fields, the simultaneous presence of a mental health condition (like depression, anxiety, or ADHD) and a substance use disorder is called a dual diagnosis or co-occurring disorder. Clinical research shows that for most young people dealing with substance use, having a co-occurring mental health disorder is the norm rather than the exception (Otasowie, 2020). Sometimes, the mental health disorder appears first, creating a psychological vulnerability that substance use later fills. More and more, we are seeing adolescent drug use become a root cause for a mental illness that develops later. A study published in 2026 (Young-Wolff et al.) found that youth who displayed no symptoms of mental illness developed symptoms after using cannabis/marijuana. |
Data from the Student Health & Risk Prevention Survey (SHARPs) here in Utah show a strong correlation between depression and suicide ideation, and recent use of marijuana.
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Self Medication:
It is very common to view a child's drug use as rebellion, boundary-testing, or simply giving in to peer pressure, and those are certainly some of the reasons kids use drugs. But foundational research shows that self-medication is another common reason; kids often attempt to reduce stress, escape emotional pain, or gain relief from psychiatric symptoms they haven't developed the skills or emotional resilience to handle (Khantzian, 1997). For example, youth may use substances as a palliative coping mechanism to dampen intrusive thoughts or emotional distress. Unfortunately, this creates a dangerous feedback loop: the substance use temporarily relieves the pain, but ultimately worsens the underlying psychological distress and alters emotional regulation and brain function over time (Garland et al., 2012).
The Vulnerability of the Teenage Brain:
Adolescence is a period of massive neurological remodeling. Because a teenager's brain is still developing—particularly the prefrontal cortex, which governs judgment, reasoning, and impulse control—they are uniquely vulnerable to both mental health struggles and the effects of drugs (Wetherill & Tapert, 2013).
When teens introduce neurotoxins like alcohol, nicotine, or illicit drugs to a developing brain, it can interrupt normal maturation processes. Research shows that early, heavy substance use can lead to structural and functional brain abnormalities, negatively impacting memory, attention, and cognitive functioning into adulthood (Squeglia et al., 2009). Furthermore, because a teenager's reward pathways are highly sensitive, they can escalate from experimentation to dependency much faster than adults.
Actionable Steps for Parents:
Understanding the science helps remove the stigma, but you also need practical ways to help your child right now.
- Shift from punishment to curiosity: Because drug use is often a symptom of emotional pain, approaching your child with anger or immediate punishment can cause them to retreat. Try opening the door with curiosity and validation: "I've noticed you've been going through a really hard time lately, and I'm here to listen, not to judge."
- Seek a dual-assessment: Look for an adolescent psychiatrist or a mental health professional who specializes in co-occurring disorders. They can untangle what is driving the substance use and what is an underlying mental health issue. If you wish to schedule an assessment with Southwest Behavioral Health, you can find contact information here.
- Insist on integrated treatment: If your child needs professional help, ensure the treatment plan addresses both the mental health condition and the substance use at the exact same time. Treating the drug use while ignoring the anxiety or depression almost always leads to relapse, as the core emotional pain is left unresolved.
References:
- Young-Wolff, K. C., Cortez, C. A., Alexeeff, S. E., Silver, L. D., Pacula, R. L., Slama, N. E., ... & Sterling, S. A. (2026, February). Adolescent Cannabis Use and Risk of Psychotic, Bipolar, Depressive, and Anxiety Disorders. In JAMA Health Forum (Vol. 7, No. 2, pp. e256839-e256839). American Medical Association.
- Garland, E. L., Pettus-Davis, C., & Howard, M. O. (2012). Self-medication among traumatized youth: structural equation modeling of pathways between trauma history, substance misuse, and psychological distress. Journal of Behavioral Medicine, 36, 175–185. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10865-012-9413-5 Cited by: 168
- Khantzian, E. J. (1997). The Self-Medication Hypothesis of Substance Use Disorders: A Reconsideration and Recent Applications. Harvard Review of Psychiatry, 4(5), 231–244. https://doi.org/10.3109/10673229709030550 Cited by: 4825
- Otasowie, J. (2020). Co-occurring mental disorder and substance use disorder in young people: aetiology, assessment and treatment. BJPsych Advances, 27, 272–281. https://doi.org/10.1192/bja.2020.64 Cited by: 48
- Squeglia, L. M., Jacobus, J., & Tapert, S. F. (2009). The Influence of Substance Use on Adolescent Brain Development. Clinical EEG and Neuroscience, 40(1), 31–38. https://doi.org/10.1177/155005940904000110 Cited by: 920
- Wetherill, R., & Tapert, S. F. (2013). Adolescent brain development, substance use, and psychotherapeutic change. Psychology of Addictive Behaviors, 27, 393–402. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0029111 Cited by: 123
How do I know if my child is using drugs?
A great question, and a complicated one. The best answer we can give: Change. Watch for significant changes.
Figuring out if a teenager is using substances is one of the most stressful challenges a parent can face. Adolescence is naturally a time of significant physical, emotional, and behavioral changes, which can make it incredibly difficult to distinguish between typical teenage development, emerging mental health issues, and substance use.
Recognizing the Signs:Clinical literature and experienced treatment specialists generally categorize the warning signs of adolescent substance use into four main areas. A single sign is rarely definitive, but a cluster of changes lasting more than two weeks warrants attention.
1. Behavioral and Social ChangesThe earliest signs are often shifts in how a teen interacts with their world:
2. Physical Health and AppearanceSubstances can leave physical markers that are difficult to hide:
3. Psychological and Emotional ShiftsWhile mood swings are a normal part of puberty, substance use often amplifies them to extremes:
4. Direct EvidenceFinding physical items, like drug paraphernalia, is the most concrete indicator. Parents often find a vape device, a pipe, a bottle, or other drug paraphernalia, and confront their kids about it. When the youth provides an excuse, parents want to believe it is true, and sometimes convince themselves it must be. In our experience, if you find evidence of drug use, it's because your child is using drugs. Too often parents who accepted their child's explanation, return to us a year later exploring treatment options for substance use disorder because they've now discovered that addiction has set in.
Evidence-Based Screening: How Doctors Know:The American Academy of Pediatrics (AAP) recommends universal screening for substance use during routine medical care. Pediatricians do not rely on guesswork; they use brief, scientifically validated screening tools designed specifically for adolescents. These tools are highly effective because they normalize the conversation, bypass the stigma of direct confrontation, and are often administered electronically while the teen is in the waiting room, ensuring honest answers.
What Should I Do If I Suspect?First, trust your gut. If you feel something is deeply wrong, you are usually right to investigate. However, it's important to remember that many signs of drug use—like mood swings, wanting more privacy, or sleeping all day—are also just signs of being a teenager, or potentially signs of anxiety and depression.
Don't look for one single 'smoking gun.' Instead, look for clusters of changes that last for weeks. Have they dropped their old friends, started failing classes, and become highly defensive all at the same time? Are you noticing physical changes like bloodshot eyes or missing money from your wallet?
If you are seeing these clusters, the next step isn't a raid on their bedroom—it's a conversation. Pick a low-pressure moment, like a car ride, and speak from a place of love, not anger. Say something specific like, 'I've noticed you haven't been hanging out with your soccer friends and you seem really exhausted lately. I love you, and I'm worried about you. Are you vaping, drinking, or using anything?'
They might lie, and they might get angry. But you are opening the door. And remember, you don't have to diagnose this yourself. Bring them to their pediatrician and ask the doctor to run a confidential substance use screen.
Helpful Resources for Parents:If parents need immediate guidance, support, or intervention, refer them to these reliable organizations:
Figuring out if a teenager is using substances is one of the most stressful challenges a parent can face. Adolescence is naturally a time of significant physical, emotional, and behavioral changes, which can make it incredibly difficult to distinguish between typical teenage development, emerging mental health issues, and substance use.
Recognizing the Signs:Clinical literature and experienced treatment specialists generally categorize the warning signs of adolescent substance use into four main areas. A single sign is rarely definitive, but a cluster of changes lasting more than two weeks warrants attention.
1. Behavioral and Social ChangesThe earliest signs are often shifts in how a teen interacts with their world:
- Shifting peer groups: Sudden abandonment of old friends for a new, (maybe older) or more secretive group.
- Loss of interest: Dropping out of sports, clubs, or hobbies they previously loved.
- Academic decline: Unexplained drops in grades, skipped classes, or disciplinary issues at school.
- Secrecy and isolation: Locking doors constantly, becoming highly defensive about their whereabouts, or making endless excuses.
2. Physical Health and AppearanceSubstances can leave physical markers that are difficult to hide:
- Eye changes: Bloodshot or glassy eyes, or unusual pupil size (pinpoint pupils for opioids; dilated pupils for stimulants). Many teens use over-the-counter eye drops to mask redness.
- Weight and sleep disruption: Dramatic, unexplained weight loss or gain. You may also see periods of sleeplessness followed by long stretches of "catch up" sleep.
- Hygiene: A sudden decline in personal grooming or wearing the same clothes repeatedly.
- Unusual smells: The smell of smoke, alcohol, or synthetic chemicals on breath, clothing, or hair (frequently masked by heavy use of mints, gum, or cologne).
3. Psychological and Emotional ShiftsWhile mood swings are a normal part of puberty, substance use often amplifies them to extremes:
- Erratic moods: Rapid shifts from euphoria to deep depression, or from calm to highly aggressive and hostile.
- Anxiety and paranoia: Appearing constantly on edge or suspicious without reasonable cause.
- Loss of inhibition: Behaving in unusually loud, obnoxious, or wildly uncharacteristic ways.
4. Direct EvidenceFinding physical items, like drug paraphernalia, is the most concrete indicator. Parents often find a vape device, a pipe, a bottle, or other drug paraphernalia, and confront their kids about it. When the youth provides an excuse, parents want to believe it is true, and sometimes convince themselves it must be. In our experience, if you find evidence of drug use, it's because your child is using drugs. Too often parents who accepted their child's explanation, return to us a year later exploring treatment options for substance use disorder because they've now discovered that addiction has set in.
- The presence of paraphernalia (vape pens, rolling papers, small baggies, pipes, or empty medication bottles).
- Suspicious texts or overheard conversations discussing drugs or related behavior
- Missing money or valuables from the home.
- Hidden stashes in unusual places (inside over-the-counter medicine bottles, hollowed-out pens, or buried in plants).
Evidence-Based Screening: How Doctors Know:The American Academy of Pediatrics (AAP) recommends universal screening for substance use during routine medical care. Pediatricians do not rely on guesswork; they use brief, scientifically validated screening tools designed specifically for adolescents. These tools are highly effective because they normalize the conversation, bypass the stigma of direct confrontation, and are often administered electronically while the teen is in the waiting room, ensuring honest answers.
What Should I Do If I Suspect?First, trust your gut. If you feel something is deeply wrong, you are usually right to investigate. However, it's important to remember that many signs of drug use—like mood swings, wanting more privacy, or sleeping all day—are also just signs of being a teenager, or potentially signs of anxiety and depression.
Don't look for one single 'smoking gun.' Instead, look for clusters of changes that last for weeks. Have they dropped their old friends, started failing classes, and become highly defensive all at the same time? Are you noticing physical changes like bloodshot eyes or missing money from your wallet?
If you are seeing these clusters, the next step isn't a raid on their bedroom—it's a conversation. Pick a low-pressure moment, like a car ride, and speak from a place of love, not anger. Say something specific like, 'I've noticed you haven't been hanging out with your soccer friends and you seem really exhausted lately. I love you, and I'm worried about you. Are you vaping, drinking, or using anything?'
They might lie, and they might get angry. But you are opening the door. And remember, you don't have to diagnose this yourself. Bring them to their pediatrician and ask the doctor to run a confidential substance use screen.
Helpful Resources for Parents:If parents need immediate guidance, support, or intervention, refer them to these reliable organizations:
- Talk. They Hear You: This is a wonderful resource from the Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration that offers great resources on how to start and have conversations with your kids about drug use. They also offer an interactive Mobile App that can help you practice and prepare for conversations.
- NIDA for Teens: The National Institute on Drug Abuse provides accessible, science-based information on how drugs affect the developing adolescent brain, which can be highly effective for parents to read alongside their teens. They also have lesson plans and activities you can do with your kids to teach them about the dangers of drugs.
- SAMHSA National Helpline (1-800-662-HELP): A free, confidential, 24/7 treatment routing and information service (available in English and Spanish) for individuals and families facing mental and/or substance use disorders.
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